@Leonardo Rafael Villas Bôas you can use regular expressions (regex).
follow example: Just get URL
In PHP it would look like this:
$conteudonoticia = '[caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] <img class="wp-image-42478 size-full" src="http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174009.jpg"alt="20140815_174009" width="640" height="480" />Objetivo com a antecipação é garantir comodidade e tranquilidade aos servidores para as festas de final de ano[/caption][caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] <img class="wp-image-42478 size-full" src="http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174010.jpeg"alt="20140815_174009" width="640" height="480" />Objetivo com a antecipação é garantir comodidade e tranquilidade aos servidores para as festas de final de ano[/caption][caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] <img class="wp-image-42478 size-full" src="http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174011.png"alt="20140815_174009" width="640" height="480" />Objetivo com a antecipação é garantir comodidade e tranquilidade aos servidores para as festas de final de ano[/caption]';
$regex = '~(\[caption.*?\]).*?(http.*?\.[a-z]{3,4}).*?(\[\/caption\])~';
preg_match_all($regex, $conteudonoticia, $matches);
array_shift($matches);
$resul = [];
for ($aux = 0; $aux < count($matches); $aux++) {
array_push($resul, implode(" ", array_column($matches, $aux)));
}
print_r($resul);
/* Resultado
Array
(
[0] => [caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174009.jpg [/caption]
[1] => [caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174010.jpeg [/caption]
[2] => [caption id="attachment_42478" align="alignleft" width="640"] http://paginalocal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20140815_174011.png [/caption]
)
*/
Note: I made the regex to accept the main image formats: .jpg, .png ou .jpeg
. Any questions just ask.