Well I looked here is all correct, it works correctly your code tested in the newest Chorme and in IE 11, maybe the rest of the codes of your page are interfering. But I have caveats to your code that would be:
1) I believe that the CSS property that 'hides' your DIV should be in the element itself, I say this because depending on the browser runtime, appear, and being in the element itself the chance of this occurring is minimal. Then it would look like this:
<div id="mame" style="display: none;">CONTEUDO</div>
2) Depending on how much content there is on your page outside of these codes it may be that the content of the DIV is shown or not displayed at the correct time, so I would check if all content was executed and after that it triggered the 10 second event.
Adding these two observations your code would look like this:
<div id="mame" style="display: none;">CONTEUDO</div>
<script>
window.onload = function() { // Espera tudo ser carregado para executar
var div = document.getElementById("mame"); // Pega o objeto do elemento DIV
window.setTimeout(function() { // Inicia a contagem de 10 segundos
div.style.display = ""; // Remove a proriedade que esta escondendo a DIV
}, (10 * 1000));
}
</script>