jquery does not have some basic rules that can be solved reassignment with javascript such as data type conversions, data type identification, value rounding, and string substitution.
So you can solve this with javascript:
var str = "• Este é um texto de teste!•••";
var res = str.replace(/•/g, "");
document.getElementById("texto").innerHTML = res;
<span id="texto"></span>
To solve this same problem with jQuery would be as follows
var str = $("#texto").text();
var res = str.replace(/•/g, "");
$("#texto").text(res);
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script><spanid="texto">• Este é um texto de teste!•••</span>