The way that @sam presented works:
<form name="ExpressaoRegular">
Por favor, preencha pelo menos 3 caracteres entre letras e números.
<input type="text" name="teste"
pattern=".{3,}">
<input type="submit">
</form>
Unless there are multiple lines (multiline), then you can
use [/s/S]{3,}
And if you do not want to include special characters and only space, letters and numbers:
<form name="ExpressaoRegular">
Por favor, preencha pelo menos 3 caracteres entre letras e números.
<input type="text" name="teste"
pattern="[\w\d\s]{3,}">
<input type="submit">
</form>