Show and delete fields and according to checkbox field selected?

You can do this:

Add data-label to your divs that will be displayed / hidden with the corresponding input value, eg

<div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divConsultoriaOpcoes" data-label="consultoria">

$('#segmento input[type="checkbox"]').change(function() {
  
  let name = this.value;
  
  $('[data-label=' + name + ']').css('display', this.checked ? '' : 'none');

});

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script><divclass="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divAreaServico" >   
    <label for="segmento" class="control-label col-md-1">Segmento:</label>          
    <div class="col-md-8">                                      
        <div class="checkbox" id="segmento">
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="outsourcing" value="outsourcing">Outsourcing</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;                                      
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="auditoria" value="auditoria">Auditoria</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="consultoria" value="consultoria">Consultoria</label>                                                                                                                                
        </div>
    </div>                                  
</div>
<div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto; display: none;" id="divOutsourcing" data-label="outsourcing">   
    <label for="out" class="control-label col-md-1">Outsourcing:</label>    
    <div class="col-md-8">                                      
        <div class="checkbox" id="outsourcing">
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="contabil" value="contabil">Contábil</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="financeira" value="financeira">Financeira</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;                         
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="fiscal" value="fiscal">Fiscal</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;                                                 
            <label><input type="checkbox" name="folhaPagamento" value="folhaPagamento">Folha de Pagamento</label>                                                                                                                               
        </div>
    </div>                                  
</div>                                              


<div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto; display: none;" id="divConsultoriaOpcoes" data-label="consultoria">                                                 
    <div class="col-md-8">
        <label for="consultoriaOpcoes" class="control-label vForm"> Consultoria:</label>
        <input type="text" class="form-control" name="consultoriaOpcoes" id="consultoriaOpcoes" required />
    </div>
</div>
<div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto; display: none;" id="divAuditoriaOpcoes" data-label="auditoria">                                                   
    <div class="col-md-8">
        <label for="auditoriaOpcoes" class="control-label vForm"> Auditoria:</label>
        <input type="text" class="form-control" name="auditoriaOpcoes" id="auditoriaOpcoes" required />
    </div>
</div>

NOTE: If you want the divs to start hidden, just put the display: none within their style.

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.0.0.js"></script><divid="geral">
    <div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divAreaServico">
        <label for="segmento" class="control-label col-md-1">Segmento:</label>
        <div class="col-md-8">
            <div class="checkbox" id="segmento">
                <label><input type="checkbox" name="outsourcing" data-id="divOutsourcing" value="outsourcing">Outsourcing</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                <label><input type="checkbox" name="auditoria" data-id="divAuditoriaOpcoes" value="auditoria">Auditoria</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                <label><input type="checkbox" name="consultoria" data-id="divConsultoriaOpcoes" value="consultoria">Consultoria</label>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div id="div-controle">
        <div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divOutsourcing">
            <label for="out" class="control-label col-md-1">Outsourcing:</label>
            <div class="col-md-8">
                <div class="checkbox" id="outsourcing">
                    <label><input type="checkbox" name="contabil" value="contabil">Contábil</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <label><input type="checkbox" name="financeira" value="financeira">Financeira</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <label><input type="checkbox" name="fiscal" value="fiscal">Fiscal</label>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <label><input type="checkbox" name="folhaPagamento" value="folhaPagamento">Folha de Pagamento</label>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>


        <div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divConsultoriaOpcoes">
            <div class="col-md-8">
                <label for="consultoriaOpcoes" class="control-label vForm"> Consultoria:</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="consultoriaOpcoes" id="consultoriaOpcoes" required />
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="form-group" style="margin: 0 auto;" id="divAuditoriaOpcoes">
            <div class="col-md-8">
                <label for="auditoriaOpcoes" class="control-label vForm"> Auditoria:</label>
                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="auditoriaOpcoes" id="auditoriaOpcoes" required />
            </div>
        </div>
        <div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

CSS:

#div-controle .form-group {
        display: none;
    }

JQuery:

$(document).ready(function () {
        $("#segmento input[type=checkbox]").change(function () {
            $("#div-controle .form-group").css("display", "none");
            $("#" + $(this).data("id")).css("display", "block");
        })
    });