TL; DR
In general terms, yes. And not just for one project, but for the entire family of projects if possible.
Practical example
Let's take the recently released Atlassian Design Guidelines design language . >
Warning: I work at Atlassian, but as a developer and not as a designer.
In the last year the company has focused on a deep restructuring in terms of UI / UX, which started with the brand itself (logos and typographies) until the standardization of the components used in its various products with AtlasKit .
It is important to note that this is not a simple freshness, fetish, random decision or because the company has money left over.
Frequent and varied surveys, including feedback from thousands of users around the world and a range of other statistical data, have been conducted, and it has been found that provide a consistent other features) in your various products is essential to the business .
In addition to its own products, offering the design guide to the general public allows third parties to create integrations and extensions for Atlassian products while maintaining a consistent user experience. Everyone wins.
"Visual Frameworks"
Obviously, not all companies are able to invest in creating their own identity, so they become as important as the "design frameworks" quoted in the question.
It makes all sense for a project that is starting to specify and adopt a design pattern. It would just be important to have an experienced designer to do this correctly.
Risks
An important factor to consider is that adopting a UI / UX pattern to guide development can not become a limiting factor.
Some years ago, I worked in a company where a design pattern was developed but with no reasonable possibility of extending the components.
This compelled developers to create "visual gambiarras" for the more "different" cases, which in reality were just the most complex and important.
So, it is a mistake to think that, having mounted a design specification using some framework, the work is over. Designers are needed continuously, whenever a new type of interaction is identified.
Conclusion
My response, although it should not be interpreted as an absolute rule, is based on research, evidence, and actual and objective data within a common business scenario, not merely an ethos or philosophy arbitrarily followed.
In practice, the persisting questions are not whether or not a design pattern is in place - this is almost a consensus, but the best way to do it within budget.