SQL bring result with repeated numbers of column all only the largest

I think you have an error in your scrip since, seemingly , you compare the order code with the client code in join , see inner join pedido b On a.cod= b.cod

You can add AND to your join which will filter through MAX version, see

select 
    a.cod, 
    a.nome, 
    b.pedido, 
    b.versao 
from cliente a 
    inner join pedido b On a.cod= b.codigo_cliente AND b.versao = (select max(pedido.versao) from pedido where pedido.codigo_cliente = a.id)
order by b.pedido

For reference I made an example in SQL Fiddle

EDIT

What I'm seeing wrong are checks with isnull , in them you say that if the field is null, it returns itself ( ISNULL (@vORCV_COD , @vORCV_COD) ) does not make sense of it.

Try the following query:

DECLARE
    @vORCV_COD INT ,
    @vDAT_INI CHAR(10),
    @vDAT_FIM CHAR(10)

SET @vORCV_COD =  null-- 333829
SET @vDAT_INI = '20180405' --data inicial
SET @vDAT_FIM = '20180501' -- data final

SELECT 
    A.ORCV_COD, 
    A.VEOV_VAL,
    A.VEOV_QTT_VER ,
    A.VEOV_PER_MARLUC,
    E.PARC_COD,
    A.PEDS_COD,
    I.PEDS_DAT_CAD,
    A.VEOV_DAT_CAD,
    V.VEND_NOM_FAN,
    B.AORC_OBS,
    B.AORC_DAT_CAD,
    C.USUA_NOM,
    D.TAOR_NOM,
    F.STOV_NOM,
    ISNULL(G.PARC_NOM_RAZ, J.PAOV_NOM_EMP) AS 'RAZAO SOCIAL',
    ISNULL(H.OROV_NOM, 'ORIGEM NÃO INDICADA') AS 'ORIGEM'
FROM TCOM_VERORV A 
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_ANDORC B         ON A.ORCV_COD = B.ORCV_COD 
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_TIPANDORC D      ON D.TAOR_COD = B.TAOR_COD
    INNER JOIN TCOM_ORCVEN E        ON E.ORCV_COD  = A.ORCV_COD
    INNER JOIN TCOM_STAORV F        ON  E.STOV_COD = F.STOV_COD
    LEFT JOIN TACE_USUARIO C        ON C.USUA_COD  = B.USUA_COD          
    INNER JOIN TCOM_VENDEDOR V      ON V.VEND_COD = E.VEND_COD
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_PARCEIRO G       ON G.PARC_COD = E.PARC_COD
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_ORIORV H         ON H.OROV_COD = E.OROV_COD
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_PEDSAI I         ON I.PEDS_COD = A.PEDS_COD
    LEFT JOIN TCOM_PARORV J         ON A.ORCV_COD = J.ORCV_COD
WHERE (1=1)
    AND ISNULL(A.ORCV_COD, 0) = ISNULL (@vORCV_COD , ISNULL(A.ORCV_COD, 0)) 
    AND A.VEOV_QTT_VER = (SELECT MAX(X.VEOV_QTT_VER) FROM TCOM_VERORV X WHERE ISNULL(X.ORCV_COD, 0) = ISNULL(A.ORCV_COD, 0))
    AND CONVERT(CHAR(10), ORCV_DAT_CAD , 112) BETWEEN ISNULL (@vDAT_INI, CONVERT(CHAR(10), ORCV_DAT_CAD , 112)) AND ISNULL (@vDAT_FIM, CONVERT(CHAR(10), ORCV_DAT_CAD , 112))

Explanation:

In addition to clearing the indentation, the only thing I actually changed was where in%, if it is null the variable it should compare with itself, and if the field is null, it will compare 0 with 0.

What I understand is that for each request you should return the line with the latest version. There are some ways to get this result; here's one of them:

-- código #1
with PedidoClassificado as (
SELECT cod, pedido, versao,
       seq= row_number() over (partition by pedido order by versao desc)
  from pedido
)
SELECT B.cod, A.nome, B.pedido, B.versao
  from cliente as A 
       inner join PedidoClassificado as B on A.cod = B.cod
  where B.seq = 1;

Try using the SQL WHERE command as below:

select 
     a.cod, 
     a.nome, 
     b.pedido, 
     b.versao 
from cliente a 
inner join pedido b 
   ON a.cod= b.cod
where b.versao = 3
order by b.pedido;