How to return the data obtained from a Request out of the scope of the function?

You can make use of Promises since your method is asynchronous. Here is an example of how it could be done.

  

The way you're working:

const tempo = () => {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const axios = require("axios");
        const TOKEN = "#myToken";  

        axios.get('http://apiadvisor.climatempo.com.br/api/v1/locale/city?name=Joinville&state=SC&token=${TOKEN}').then((response) => {
            const id = response.data[0]["id"];
            axios.get('http://apiadvisor.climatempo.com.br/api/v1/forecast/locale/${id}/days/15?token=${TOKEN}').then((response => {
                const local = response.data;
                const dados = {
                    cidade: local.name,
                    estado: local.state,
                    data: local.data[0].date_br,
                    probChuva: local.data[0].rain.probability,
                    temperatura: {
                        descricao: local.data[0].text_icon.text.phrase.reduced,
                        max: local.data[0].temperature.max,
                        min: local.data[0].temperature.min
                    }
                }

                resolve(dados);
            })).catch(err => reject(err));
        }).catch(err => reject(err));;
    });
}

tempo().then((res) => {
    console.log(res);
});

  

As a tip I leave you with the use of async / await which is very useful and helps to leave your code clean. Here is an example of how it could be done:

const tempo = async () => {
    const axios = require("axios");
    const TOKEN = "#myToken";  

    const response = await axios.get('http://apiadvisor.climatempo.com.br/api/v1/locale/city?name=Joinville&state=SC&token=${TOKEN}');
    const id = response.data[0]["id"];
    const result = await axios.get('http://apiadvisor.climatempo.com.br/api/v1/forecast/locale/${id}/days/15?token=${TOKEN}');
    const local = result.data;
    const dados = {
        cidade: local.name,
        estado: local.state,
        data: local.data[0].date_br,
        probChuva: local.data[0].rain.probability,
        temperatura: {
            descricao: local.data[0].text_icon.text.phrase.reduced,
            max: local.data[0].temperature.max,
            min: local.data[0].temperature.min
        }
    }
    return dados;
}

tempo().then((res) => {
    console.log(res);
});