In Node.js environment when we are going to get modules from NPM you can use suffixes to specify versions .
For example, in package.json I see many times:
"dependencies": {
"async": "~1.4.2",
"express": "^4.13.3",
What are these suffixes ^ , ~ , and how are they used?
Here is a list for those who need it, and assuming that the versions refer to the versioning rule SEMVER * :
I will use% w / o only as version example
1.2.3 "approximate version". It will keep the minor version, or it only allows changes in the last versioning parameter. That is: ~1.2.3 and 1.2 in the last parameter. >=3 and ^1.2.3 in the last parameters. 1 Exact version. >=2.>=3 Greater than ... 1.2.3 Greater than or equal ... >1.2.3 Less than ... >=1.2.3 Less than or equal ... <1.2.3 1.2.0, 1.2.1, etc., but not 1.3.0. (almost similar to <=1.2.3 ) 1.2.x By passing a url it is possible to install a tarball , for example Github for cases where the package / software is not published in NPM. For example in Github it would be something like: ~1.2.3
http://url.com/tarball wildcard , accepts any version. * - SEMVER is a versioning template , to make it easier to predict whether changes between software versions are large, small or just fixes. The SEMVER model consists of three parts, which are / respectively represent changes to the character software:
https://github.com/contaGithub/nomeProjeto/tarball/master,*,maior.