Although I find it better to convert the value ...
You can create 2 different inputs. One with the value that will be presented and another that is hidden with the value that will be used.
// input escondido
<input type="hidden" name="data" value="<?php echo date('Y-m-d');?>"/>
// input que mostra o valor
<input type="text" name="" value="<?php echo date('d/m/Y');?>" placeholder="Data"/>
Result
<input type="hidden" name="data" value="2018-08-12"/>
<input type="text" name="" value="12/08/2018" placeholder="Data"/>
You can also use <input type="date"/>
<input type="date" name="data" value="<?php echo date('Y-m-d'); ?>"/>
But it's only for version 5 of HTML
and its interface support is patchy.