Elements of type <input date...
accept the max
attribute, however you will need to somehow calculate the minimum birth date based on the current date to assign this value, eg
Based on today's date (03/23/2017) the minimum date should be (3/23/1999), so you should put this value in the element's min attribute in AAAA-MM-DD
format.
<form>
<label for="txtData_Nasc">Data de nascimento:</label>
<input type="date" class="form-control" id="txtData_Nasc" name="txtData_Nasc" max="1999-03-23" required>
<input type="submit"/>
</form>
To automatically calculate the date as php in this case:
<label for="txtData_Nasc">Data de nascimento:</label>
<input type="date" class="form-control" id="txtData_Nasc" name="txtData_Nasc" max="<?php echo date('Y-m-d', strtotime('-18 year')); ?>" required>
Example calculation date on Ideone