You do not need root to debug your application on a physical device.
To enable debug mode by clicking 7 times in Build Number in the phone options.
After enabling, just check the USB Debugging option on the Developer Options menu. These names may vary depending on the model and language of the device.
With this setting made. The simplest test is the devices
of adb command. The devices
is a command to list devices connected via USB and accessible to the adb server , that is, they are available for use for any adb command, including debug .
Sample execution:
wakim@wakim-Inspiron-5420:~$ adb devices
List of devices attached
0432772433 device