You have some errors in your PHP, and it is not very clear what you want.
But by correcting your PHP, the code looks like this (note the comments in the code):
Server side:
<table border="1">
<?php
$linha1 = array(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18);
$linha2 = array(19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36);
$tabela = array($linha1, $linha2);
for ($i =0 ; $i < count($tabela); $i++){ // usar o tamanho da $tabela
echo "<tr>";
$estaLinha = $tabela[$i]; // só para clarificar
for ($j =0 ; $j < 18; $j++){ // aqui tinha '$i++' e deve ser '$j++'
echo "<td>".$estaLinha[$j]."</td>"; // em vez da palavra "valor" colocar o valor da array
}
echo "</tr>";
}
?>
</table>
Now with this correct code the resulting HTML is this:
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>15</td><td>16</td><td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td><td>20</td><td>21</td><td>22</td><td>23</td><td>24</td><td>25</td><td>26</td><td>27</td><td>28</td><td>29</td><td>30</td><td>31</td><td>32</td><td>33</td><td>34</td><td>35</td><td>36</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
With this table, you can use this JavaScript / jQuery:
$('table td').on('click', function () { // oscultador de clic
$(this).nextAll().each(function (i) { // procurar os seguintes '<td>' com o método '.nextAll()' e percorrer um a um
this.innerHTML = parseInt(this.innerHTML, 10) + 1; // adicionar +1 a cada um
if (i == 0) this.innerHTML = 0; // tratar a excepção que é o primeiro imediatamente a seguir, verificando o index ('i') a função .each() passa
});
});
Example online: link
EDIT:
I noticed that it had not tagged jQuery as a tag, so if you want to do the same only using pure javascript, you can do this: ( link )
var celulas = document.querySelectorAll('table tr td');
for (var i = 0; i < celulas.length; i++) {
celulas[i].addEventListener('click', mudarValor);
}
function mudarValor(e) {
var este = e.target;
var verificador = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < celulas.length; i++) {
if (este == celulas[i]) {
var proximo = este.nextElementSibling;
proximo.innerHTML = 0;
while (proximo) {
proximo = proximo.nextElementSibling;
if (proximo) proximo.innerHTML = parseInt(proximo.innerHTML, 10) + 1;
}
}
}
}