Felipe, there is no way, you can use a "Ferrari" to solve a simple problem, which would be Wordpress in the same way that brasofilo answered, or you create a very simple, which is the purpose of my answer.
So I leave here for you to choose the best way. Viewing the comments, if you want to use JS , you will still need a PHP to persist the data in the database via AJAX in> (there are other resources for writing to BD, but it is not ideal in this case).
I want to give you this option in two steps:
1. A JQuery plugin for you to edit the inline text, ie on the same screen as the content you are viewing:
- Jeditable Plugin - link
- Plugin demo: link
2.
In your case, once authenticated, it returns to the normal website screen, however enabling editing events through the above plugin. Here's the tutorial:
3. PHP files that will receive AJAX . By respecting and understanding items 1 and 2 you will be able to do this step without problem.
I hope I have given you a valid option for your project.
Hugs.