List columns according to the current date

It would be best to review the data model, but if you really want to proceed, here's an option:

SET @DiaHoje := DAY(CURDATE());

SELECT CONCAT('SELECT nome, ', GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT(''', c.COLUMN_NAME, ''')), ' FROM chamdosrow;')
INTO @query
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS c
WHERE c.TABLE_NAME = 'chamdosrow'
  AND CAST(c.COLUMN_NAME AS UNSIGNED) <= @DiaHoje
ORDER BY c.ORDINAL_POSITION;

PREPARE stmt FROM @query;

EXECUTE stmt;

It is quite simple, but if you wish, I can leave here an explanation. Here's also the usual SQLFiddle

The example above works when you directly access a table, in your case, and because you are accessing a view, you can do the following to get the name of the columns dynamically:

SET @DiaHoje := DAY(CURDATE());

SELECT CONCAT('SELECT ', GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT(''', Dia, ''')), ' FROM chamdosrow;')
INTO @query
FROM (
  SELECT @row := @row + 1 AS Dia 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES t1,
  (SELECT @row:=0) r 
) DiasMes       
WHERE Dia <= @DiaHoje
ORDER BY Dia;

PREPARE stmt FROM @query;
EXECUTE stmt;

Here's the second SQLFiddle .

An approach with somewhat less complex logic, manipulating a list with equally spaced field names:

SELECT CONCAT( 
   'SELECT nome, ',
    SUBSTRING(
         ' 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31', 
         1, 
         (DAY(CURDATE())*3)-1
    ),
    ' FROM chamdosrow '
) INTO @query FROM dual;

PREPARE st FROM @query;
EXECUTE st;

A solution similar to Gustavo, but without having to list all fields (one detail, I changed the fields from 1 to 9, putting a zero in front):

SELECT
  CONCAT(
    'SELECT ',
    SUBSTRING_INDEX(
      GROUP_CONCAT(CONCAT(''', column_name, ''') ORDER BY column_name),
      ',',
      day(curdate())),
    ' FROM tabela'
  )
FROM
  information_schema.columns 
WHERE
  table_schema=DATABASE() 
  AND table_name='tabela'
INTO @sql;
PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;
EXECUTE stmt;

See in SQL Fiddle