If I have a very long link , can this be penalized by Google or other search engines?
For example:
www.exemplo.com.br/catalogo/nome-do-produto-descrevendo-mais-do-que-o-necessario-deixando-a-url-muito-extensa
Is it worse, in the view of SEO that www.exemplo.com.br/catalogo/nome-do-produto ?
Until someone proves the opposite or changes, since this is volatile, there is nothing to indicate that the size itself affects positioning in the search. Yes content affects and be small or large may be insufficient to describe well what it is or create confusion with too much information.
I can not say the same of results related to the behavior of users with a higher or lower URL. But in general this influences very circumstantially.
Beware of internet content on the subject, there is much more opinion than facts.
